13 Kasım 2017 Pazartesi

Anzavour Revolt 1920


Jamil woke up to Shaban’s voice, “Anzavour defeated our troops, Major! He finished off our regiments!”Jamil stood up. “Who said that? When did this happen?”
Lieutenant Farouk entered the room. “Sir, they murdered Colonel Rahmi.”Jamil was stunned. He just stared at Shaban and Farouk. Farook sat down on a chair. His lips were quivering. Jamil asked, “Did they ambush him?”
Ulubat Lake Bursa

“No, he bravely fought for forty- eight hours. Anzavour had five thousand soldiers; Rahmi had only two hundred; a ratio of one to twenty five.  We lost a great man!  Colonel Rahmi was an excellent Commander who encouraged his troops with ease. His men trusted him. Almost no one survived out of those two hundred men; they kept on fighting until Rahmi died. Do you know him personally?
 Jamil answered, “Yes, I knew him well. We were fighting shoulder to shoulder at Gaza. Did Anzavour really have five thousand soldiers?”
“Yes, at least five thousand, maybe even more.”
“Who said that? Maybe they were exaggerating.”
“No, they were not exaggerating! I know Major Nuri from Palestine, I trust him. He brought us the news. He served in the Forth Army. Do you know him as well?”
Jamil thought for a minute. “Does he have a beard?”
“The Staff Major Nuri came to Palestine from Galicia with the German - Austrian troops, towards the end of the war…”
 Ottoman artillerymen at Hareira in 1917 before the Southern Palestine offensive

Jamil said, “Oh, he must have been with the ‘Thunderbolt Army Group’; I don’t think I know him. Was he on Rahmi’s team?”
“No, actually he was retired because of a head injury. During the last war he was taken prisoner. He has a farm in Gonen and he was hoping to recuperate from his injuries there. But he knew Rahmi from his military days and when he heard that Rahmi’s troops were going to defend the area against Anzavour he couldn’t resist. He got his rifle and joined Rahmi.”
“Where is he now?”
“He is downstairs; he is getting treatment for a wound in his leg.”
“Is it bad?”
“The bullet didn’t touch the bone but the wound was not cared for properly, it doesn’t look good…”
“What is he saying about Anzavour?”
“He can’t talk much since he lost a lot of blood and feels weak. We need to find somewhere for him to rest.”
Jamil called Shaban, “Shaban, go carry him upstairs, he can rest here when his bandages are done.” Shaban went downstairs quickly.
Lieutenant Farouk lit a cigarette. Jamil asked, “How did Major Nuri manage to get here with a bad leg?”
“Sergeant Rustem knew Rahmi from Palestine. He helped him get on a horse and he brought him here. When Nuri was shot there were only twelve men left out of the two hundred. And after that they too fled, taking advantage of the dark. The Sergeant didn’t want to leave Nuri behind because he knew Anzavour would kill him. Rustem is a good man, he liked Rahmi and he is very sad about his loss.”
Captain Selahaddin entered the room with a bunch of papers in his hand. He asked Jamil, “Did you hear the bad news?”
“Yes, I heard about Rahmi Bey!”
“So sad…”
“Do you think Anzavour really had thousands of supporters?”
“I believe it is true.”
“What are the Commander’s plans about defending Bursa? What is the situation between Gonen and Bursa?
“Thank God there is good news. Anzavour went back to Balikesir.”
Jamil asked, “What are those papers you are holding?”
“General Yusuf Izzed wants the 172nd Regiment in Kirmasti to join the battle against Anzavour. This Cable is From Colonel Osman; he is saying that he won’t obey such an order. He could only defend himself if they are attacked. He is right because he knows that his troops are not strong enough to attack Anzavour.”
“What is the Commander’s opinion on this?”Jamil inquired.
“He doesn’t want to comment on this yet. He is not happy with the way the Superiors handled this. He won’t respond. In effect, we have been trying to communicate with Balikesir for the last hour. The Commander has to talk to the 61st Division before taking action.” Selahaddin shuffled the papers. “Look, in this cable the 20th Army Commander, General Ali Fuad, says,
‘To the 56th and 61st Regiment Commanders,
 The following is the cable from General Yusuf Izzed who is reporting the telegram that he received from the War Ministry in Istanbul:
Yusuf Izzet Pasa (1876-1922)

March 25th, 1920 The British Political representative issued a memorandum to our Government concerning an incident in Lefka. The irregulars in Lefka told the British Commander that they have to leave Lefka by 9 o’clock that night or the Turkish side will start an attack against the British and the irregulars will start the firing at that time. The British government was holding the Ottoman Government responsible because of this. The Ottoman Government has warned the military to avoid such actions because they are very dangerous for our country. These actions can cause dangerous outcomes for the future. Turkish side has to cease fire immediately. They should stop the attack; they should avoid combat with the invading armies, especially with the British Army, at all costs. The First Army Corps were ordered to report the outcome to the War Ministry. It is in our best interest to keep the peace and be compliant to the invading power. There will be an investigation into this. Major Salih was appointed to the Committee and has boarded a train from Haydarpasha. This was signed by the Minister of War, General Fevzi’. ”

Haydarpasa  Train Station, Istanbul


To 56th and 61st Division Commanders;
The Representatives’ Committee issued a no contact order with Istanbul. However, General Yusuf Izzed didn’t obey that order. We haven’t answered him either. Our troops are successful. We should all be careful to not jeopardize the Nation’s Unity and hope of freedom. Attached are 20th Army Commander General Ali Fuad’s orders concerning the Committee, who are on their way from Istanbul. There will be no delays.
Ali Fuat Pasha


To the Commander of 24th Division Mahmud,
Lefka,
The War Ministry in Istanbul is under the occupation of the British. The War Ministry is now a prisoner to the British. That’s why the War Ministry is trying to prevent the success of the National Forces. The National Forces have begun the Independence War with the demand of our people. The War Ministry is sending some committee members to Anatolia. This committee boarded a train from Haydarpasha Station on March 23rd, 1920. Among them, there are high ranking Officers like Salih. The other members of the Committee are also well known and trustworthy individuals. All the members who are known to us should be arrested and sent to Ankara right away. The other committee members who are not known to us should be arrested and put into prison regardless of their ranks or high status with the War Ministry, until further orders from Ankara.
First Parliament Building in Ankara

Upon this order the 24th Division Commander has arrested the committee members Major Salih, Sinop Deputy Dr. Riza Noor, Kastomonu Deputy Yusuf Kemal, Eskishehir Deputy Abdullah Azmi and Konya Deputy Hodja Vehbi. They were all sent back to Istanbul.”

Selahaddin put away the papers and shook his head. “Everything is way too complicated.”
“Forget it! Now Anzavour is trying to deceive us. We should be concerned about defending Bursa more than anything.”
Farouk interrupted, “ If locals don’t start defending themselves, we can’t do anything.”
“I don’t think the locals will start any war.”
“Do you think it will help if we were to bring Osman’s Regiment here?”
“Do you know Osman personally?”
Jamil thought for a second, “I have seen him but I don’t know him that well.”
“Osman hung a lot of dissidents in Kirmasti. After the Staff General talked to him he started to send dissidents to court before hanging them. I am not saying this to criticize Osman.  We owe him a lot. The 200 soldiers who made up the 56th Regiment are only here because of Osman’s courage.”

“Explain that to me.”
“Osman confiscated thousands of sheep from the farms of the Sultan. That’s why we have meat supplies for the troops.”
“Did he plunder Sultan’s farm?”
“If he asks him, it is all legal. He says he signed and sealed the documents saying that it is a war tax. He says we are all here to defend the Sultan’s country. He has to suffer as well as anybody. He says this while putting his fist on the table! At first, he almost turned the 172th Regiment into a gang. We tried to prevent that. Now, he has special guards, they are all irregulars. They are thugs who got out of prison. He justifies this by saying that Military rules are not always sufficient. Sometimes in the face of danger we should adapt to Bashi-bozouk ways.” He says this with pride. He is right. It is very difficult to save Bursa right now, even if we had a big army. Even if Mustafa Kemal  comes to Bursa himself,  it will be too hard to sort all this out.”
Bursa

At this moment they saw the Major, who was wounded on the leg, entering the room. Shaban and an orderly were helping him walk. The Major looked embarrassed. He didn’t look like a Staff Major with his ripped uniform. He looked like a reserve officer who is more into reading than action. Jamil showed him the bed. The Major said, “No it is OK. I will take the chair. I don’t want to disturb you.”
Jamil said, “No please use the bed. I hope you get well soon.”
“Thank you.”
He looked out of shape, like the people who spent a lot of time in prison. His left eye had a constant twitch. He said, “My wound is not important. The bullet didn’t damage the bone. I can step on my foot. It is weird, after all these years.”  Then he stopped and apologized, “I am sorry, Gentlemen. I should offer my condolences. We lost Rahmi. You knew him. He was such a brave man. I am sorry. I am Staff Major Nuri. I was with the 4th Army. I worked with the German Team at the War Ministry for a long time. I was at the Gallipoli and the Galicia Fronts!”
Galicia Front

Jamil introduced his friends and asked, “Were you together with Rahmi at Palestine, Major?”
“Yes!  That’s right! At Palestine! May he rest in Peace. He could have avoided being shot. He was so brave; he looked like he didn’t mind getting shot. He went towards his death. I warned him. At night we were so close to the enemy. We had only 3 hundred meters between us. The enemy came crawling near us. He was at the front of the Regiment. He didn’t want to step back. He might not have heard me. Even if he heard me, it is possible that he might not have understood. He was preoccupied with other thoughts. He was looking somewhere very carefully. Twice he said, ‘This is crazy’.  Then he said, ‘Be quick, get on your horse, go to Bursa right away. Tell them what is going on’. As I was responding, a bullet passed between us. Just between his left ear and my left ear. “He said, ‘I order’. Then he fired his rifle and the man fell. Then twice he motioned to me to go. Then he laughed. I was surprised to see him happy all of a sudden. I am sure he was happy for a moment.” Then Major Nuri almost begged for a glass of water. He drank it. He inquired, “The orderly said he would make a smaller bandage in a few days. Do you think that is possible?”
“I think so.”
“I wish…I want to walk at least with the help of a cane! I don’t want to lay down without doing anything. So is there any news from Anzavour?”
Ahmet Anzavur (1885-1921)

“No, there is no news.”
“Do you think he is going to attack Bursa?”
“Anything is possible.”
“If he attacks Bursa then we should defend the city in every corner and every street. I asked the Sergeant to find me a rifle. What happened? Did he forget? If I don’t get well enough to walk, then you should leave me by the window and go! The sergeant has promised me to…”
Selahaddin bowed his head and said, “I know the Sergeant promised to find a rifle for you but the Commander of the Regiment says no. He would like you to leave for Eskishehir with the first group that is going there…”
Greek army in Kutahya

“I don’t want that! The higher ups forget that there is such a thing as fatigue. I am so tired. Going to Eskishehir is like going to the other end of the world to me! I would like to stay where I am.” Major Nuri put his hand on the eye that was twitching; he looked like he was in pain. He said, “I want the Sergeant to bring the rifle today. I need 50 bullets as well. If there is not enough ammunition I will get twenty. That’s enough for a person who knows how to shoot.”
Farouk asked shyly, “Are you a good marksman, Sir?”
“I was. I don’t think I have lost my ability. During the last combat I did well. My hands didn’t shake. I wasn’t a war officer but when you are actually in combat…” Jamil and Selahaddin left the room quietly. Nuri was deep in thought. He didn’t even notice them leaving.
Bursa Irgandi Bridge


The Reluctant Warrior
by Kemal Tahir
Translated by Elif Mat



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