About The Tired Warrior
By Kemal Tahir
Introduction by
Elif Erkmen
The Reluctant Warrior is a historical novel that tells the
story of The Turkish Independence War. The novel starts in Istanbul, in the
aftermath of WWI. The main hero Jamil has returned from the battle field and
rejoined his family. His cousin Neriman has been waiting for him for a long
time. His friends and family expect him to start a new occupation, get married
and settle down after his years of hardship. He had joined the Young Turk
movement, served in Balkan Wars, and then again during the Great War. He made
his reputation as a hell of an Artillery Captain in Palestein, Suez Canal and Gallipoli
Campaigns. He had seen it all.
The time frame of the novel stretches several years, beginning
in the start of the Young Turk Revolution in 1908, to the end of 1922.
The Young Turks in 1908 revolted against Sultan Abdul Hamid
II, the Committee of Union and Progress was founded by and gained support of the
people of Ottoman Empire from all walks of life. Turks, Greeks Armenians and
other ethnic minorities were all happy and looking for a change. CUP promised
freedom.
Abdul Hamid was known for his strict rules, oppression and censorship.
People were tired of his informants and palace spies. The change was quick and
welcomed.
The second Constitutional era started and the Parliament was
reopened.
The new rulers were the Three Pashas: Enver, Talat and Djemal.
Enver became the War Minister; Talat the Prime Minister and
Djemal was Fourth Army commander responsible of Syria and later lead the Army in
Philistine and Suez Canal Campaigns.
Enver’s uncle Halil Pasha (even though Enver and Halil are
about the same age he was Enver’s uncle and sometimes refer to Uncle among his
friends as well in the novel) was also one of the CUP leaders and he became
famous for his success in Siege of Kut. The British Field Marshall Towhend was
captured at Kut.
CUP had an intelligent agency named Secret Organization/Teskilati
Mahsusa (TM) which was very effective during the foundation of CUP and war
years. Its leaders; Suleyman Askeri and Esref Kuscubasi was mentioned in the
novel.
Founder of Turkish Republic and leader of Nationalists
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk is also metioned in the book.
The novel has divided into three main sections: the
Binoculars of General von Kress, Deep Bottom and Turning Point.
The Binoculars if
General von Kress
Jamil is looking out of the window with binoculars. The binoculars
are a gift from General von Kress. He is expecting the arrival of Governor of
Diyarbakir, Dr. Rashid Bey. He doesn’t know Dr. Rashid personally, however he
knows the Organisation helped him escape from prison. As a Governor he was involved
in forced deportation of Armenians which resulted in the deaths and traumatic
events of 1915.
He was a member of CUP, like Jamil, and TM the Secret
Organisation was looking for a place to hide him. However, the police cornered
Dr. Rashid, and in desperation, he commited suicide.
Jamil decides to go see his friend Captain Maksood. They
studied together in the Military High School. Jamil became a War Officer, while
Maksood and Omer joined the Secret Organisation TM. During the Ottoman times,
the people did not have last names, so nicknames were used to identify
individuals. As an Arab from Baghdad,
Maksood was called “Arab”among his
friends, while Omer was known by his code name, “Patriot”.
When CUP lost its power, its leaders, Enver, Talat and
Djemal, left the country. The replacement government started a witch hunt. They
arrested CUP members, put them in the infamous jail, the Bekiraga Prison, later
some of the prisoners were exiled to the Island of Malta on the orders of the
British Government.
Maksood explained to Jamil that their friend Omer also
needed a hiding place. Jamil agreed to help and upon Maksood’s suggestion, they
decided to provide Omer with women’s clothing and veil.The hiding place was
Jamil’s idea. They went to a mansion in the Asian side of the City. Maksood
didn’t know who own the house and when he saw Dr.Munir at the door he was
surprised. Dr. Munir had left theCUP years ago because of the undemocratic ways
of the Unionists.
In the process of helping Omer escape, Jamil’s identity was
also revealed and he had a hiding place as well. To their surprise Halil Pasha,
was at the mansion as a guest and Dr. Munir was a welcoming host to all of his
former friends and fellow CUP members.
Dr. Munir was the
intellectual one in the group. He provided historical, political and sociological
analysis of the Ottoman Empire during their long discussions.
Jamil spent two months there. One day he got word from
Neriman that she needed to talk to him. She was pregnant and they decided to
get married on short notice. After the secret ceromony as he was returning the
mansion Jamil saw that the house was being ambushed, so once again he had to
return. This time he had no where to go.
He went back to European side took refuge in the historical
peninsula.The Ottoman Troops were guarding the Hagia Sophia…He decided to join
them and stay there temporarily… Wherever he went, he felt tremendous fatigue
and depression. He didn’t want to do anything.Jamil was feeling suffocated even
when he went in the ancient church. With its huge dome and spacious interior
Hagia Sophia was a marveolous building.Jamil saw several foreign Officers and
soldiers who came to observe the Friday Prayers. There are people from all
faiths and nationalities. The Leader of the Guard was uneasy; he worried about
losing Hagia Sophia to the Invading Foreigners. The idea of turning the mosque
back to a Church was unbearable…Especially under his watch.
Maksood arranged a
place for Jamil in the Veteran’s home. Jamil felt even worse while surrounded
by all the war Veterans and their sad stories. He didn’t have any plans for
future and felt like there was no way out.
Deep Bottom
After being recognised in the Veteran’s House, Jamil decided
to join the National Forces and left Istanbul. The Country was in turmoil.
There were fears of Greek Invasion of Izmir.The local Christian Communities
were joyful and preparing to /welcome the Greek Army…Not everybody was happy
though. There was the uncertainty…There was the hundreds of years of friendship
between the Turks and the Greeks to be considered. Some local Greek (Rum)
villagers made agreements with their Turkish neigbours to protect each other.
If the Greek Army were to come they promised to protect Wturkish neighbours and
Turks promissed to protect them if the Turkish army prevails.
The Muslim population were generally tired of all the wars
they had endured since the Balkan Wars. They were poor and they wanted life to
return normal.
After Truce, the
Turkish soldiers were sent home and all the arms were confiscated by theAllied
Forces. The Sultan and his Government led by Damad Ferid were happy to keep
their positions and didn’t want to anger the invading powers. Nationalists, on
the other hand wanted to fight for independence.
The Ottoman Sultans also held the title of Caliph. The
Sultan was considered the religious leader of all Muslims around the world.
There was also Sheikh al Islam, who was the highest religious authority after
Sultan in the Empire. The Sultan’s Firman’s and the Shekh al Islam’s Fatwas were
against the Nationalists. The nationalists were being declared Infidels and
outlaws for revolting against Sultan’s orders.
In that kind of atmosphere it was hard to know which side
each Officer took. Would they stay loyal to Sultan or join Nationalists and
take orders from Ankara where Mustafa Kemal was staying. The bandits and
militia were at the same position. They would either join the Nationalists or
the Sultan’s men.
The Nationalist were not welcomed in small towns.People were
worried that their presence would anger the approaching Greek Army. They didn’t
want Greek Army to burn their villages and some were ready to surrender.The
nationalist were easy to spot with their fur caps.
The Allied Forces were pressuring the Government in Istanbul
to oppress the Anatolian Revolt.
In Bursa and Bandirma regions there were Circassians and
other Caucasians who had escaped from the Russians and took refuge in Anatolia.
They had the same choise to make whether or not supporting the Nationalists.
The most famous
Circassian Warlord was Ethem; whose older brothers were also army officers.
Ethem was from a prosperous family. He was the youngest beloved son of a rich
Circassian Bey. His father didn’t want him to join the Army, so he could stay
and take care of their farm… Ethem decided to support
Nationalist without hesitation since his brothers were Unionists as well.
Jamil and his friends heard the news of Greek Army landing
on Izmir.
Turning Point
Mustafa Kemal was leading the War of Independece from Ankara
in those days. The Representatives Committee was founded in Ankara and they
were supporting the Indepence. Captain Jamil and his friend Captain Selahaddin
were receiving orders from Mustafa Kemal. Their task was pursuading various Army
Units to join Nationalists and making sure the Commanders were not influenced
by Istanbul.
Some Commanders
supported Mustafa Kemal, while some had difficulty deciding and were unwilling
to revolt against the Sultan.
Jamil went to Bursa to either persuade Yusuf Izzed Pasha to
join the Nationalists or arrest him if necessary and took control of the Army
Corps.
The Circassian Commander Anzavour, unlike Ethem; was on
Sultan’s side. With the British aid he gathered a strong army.He has the backing
of the British and a strong force. His army was proceeding in the direction of
Bursa to fight against Nationalists.
Jamil in a way
ambushed the Military base and persuaded Yusuf Izzed Pasha, to go to Ankara and
leave his post to Colonel Osman. Jamil was acting as the Governor of the City
and Security Chief.
Bursa was the Capital of Ottomans’ before Istanbul was
conquered and an important city. Jamil was anxiously waiting for the final
battle between the Anzavour supporters and the Nationalists. Anzavour was approaching
the city from the west and Nationalists were coming from the east.
One day his old
friend Dr.Munir showed up in Bursa. He was coming from Bandirma. He went there
to collect the Sultan’s fatwas and keep them under lock so that the Fatwa’s
wouldn’t reach the hands of the wider population.
Nationalists were fighting against the Greek Army as well as
the Sultan’s supporters. A psychological war was going on against the Sultan while
religious authorities are trying to persuade the people not to join Nationalists.
They also issued death warrants for Mustafa Kemal and his supporters.
The future and independence of the country was at stake.
The novel concludes with Ethem’s victory over Anzavour.
Kemal Tahir