Timeline
Constantinople /
Istanbul
Kizkulesi Maiden's Tower, Istanbul
327
The city was founded
by Roman Emperor Constantine (272-337)
Constantine Mozaic Ayasofya
537
Justinian mosaic Ravenna, Italy
537 Ayasofya was built by Emperor Justinian (432-565)
From the date of its
construction's completion in 537 until 1453, it served as an Eastern Orthodox cathedral and the seat of the ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople,[4] except between 1204 and 1261, when it was converted by
the Fourth
Crusaders to a Roman Catholic cathedral under the Latin Empire. The building was later converted into an Ottoman mosque
from 29 May 1453 until 1931. It was then secularized and opened as a museum on 1 February 1935.[5] It remained the world's largest cathedral for nearly a
thousand years, until Seville Cathedral was completed in 1520.
Latin Empire 1204 1261
Horse Statues from Hipodrom of Constantinople was taken to Venice today they are known as Horses of St. Mark located at St. Marc's Cathedral
Ottoman Empire 1299-1918
Bursa Ottoman Capital 1335-1365
The Janissaries (Ottoman Turkish: يڭيچرى yeñiçeri [jeniˈtʃeɾi], meaning "new soldier") were elite infantry units that formed the Ottoman Sultan's household troops, bodyguards and the first modern standing army in Europe.[3][4] The corps was most likely established during the reign of Murad I (1362–1389).
Sipahi- Cavalry
Bashı-bozouk's were irregular soldiers of the Ottoman Army
Sipahi- Cavalry
Janıssaries carryıng soup kettles
Ottoman Military Band
1453
Fatih Sultan Mehmet
(Mehmet the Conquerer) conquered Constantinople and brought an end to the Byzantine Empire.
Topkapi Palace
Ayasofya converted to a mosque
Selim 1
Sultan Selim I (1512–1520) dramatically expanded the Empire's eastern and
southern frontiers by defeating Shah Ismail of Safavid Iran, in the Battle of
Chaldiran.[49] Selim I established Ottoman
rule in Egypt by
defeating and annexing the Mamluk
Sultanate of Egypt and
created a naval presence on the Red Sea. After this Ottoman expansion, a competition started between the Portuguese Empire and the Ottoman Empire to become the
dominant power in the region.
Yavuz Sultan Selim Ottoman Sultan and Caliph
1543
Suleyman the Magnificient
1494-1566
Suleiman
Janissary Rifles 1826
1829 Tanzimat Reforms
was a period of reform in the Ottoman Empire that began in 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876.[2]
The Tanzimat era began with the purpose, not of radical transformation, but of modernization, desiring to consolidate the social and political foundations of the Ottoman Empire.[3] It was characterised by various attempts to modernise the Ottoman Empire and to secure its territorial integrity against internal nationalist movements and external aggressive powers. The reforms encouraged Ottomanism among the diverse ethnic groups of the Empire and attempted to stem the tide of nationalist movements within the Ottoman Empire.
Dolmabahçe Palace
served as the main administrative center of the Ottoman Empire from 1856 to 1887 and from 1909 to 1922 (Yıldız Palace was used in the interim period durıng the Abdulhamıt era).
Kuleli Military High School
was the oldest military high school in Turkey, located in Çengelköy, Istanbul, on the Asian shore of the Bosphorus strait. It was founded on September 21, 1845, by Ottoman Sultan Abdülmecid I.
(Jamil's school in the Reluctant Warrior)
Galatasaray High School
1866
Abdulhamit Era 1876- 1908
Abdulhamid (1842-1918)
r. 1876-1908
Abdulhamit was was the
34th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and the last Sultan to exert effective
control over the fracturing state.[3] He oversaw a period of decline, with
rebellions particularly in the Balkans, and he had an unsuccessful war with the Russian Empire followed by a successful war against the Kingdom of Greece in 1897.
Hamid II ruled from August 31, 1876 until he was deposed shortly after the
1908 Young Turk
Revolution, on April 27, 1909. In
accordance with an agreement made with the Republican Young Ottomans, he promulgated the first Ottoman
Constitution of 1876 on
December 23, 1876,[4] which was a sign of progressive thinking that marked
his early rule. Later, however, he noticed Western influence on Ottoman affairs
and citing disagreements with the Parliament,[4] suspended both the short-lived constitution and Parliament in 1878
and accomplished highly effective power and control.
Yıldız Palace in Beşiktaş Istanbul
1877-78 Russian War
Berlin Bagdad Railway
1889 CUP was founded.
CUP
Community of Union of
Congress (Unionists)
Ittihat ve Terakki Partisi (Turkish)
TM
Esref Kuscubası TM leader
Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa (TM), or
Special Organization, was a secret paramilitary intelligence organization under
the control of the CUP’s inner circle and attached to the Ministry of War.
1908 Young Turk
Revolution
Three Pashas
Government
Enver Pasha (1881-1922)
Talat Pasha (1894-1921)
Cemal Pasha (1872-1922)
1909
March 31 Incident
(Counter Coup by the supporters of Abdulhamit)
Prisoners of the March 31 Incident
Army of Action
In 1909, there was a countercoup
by Islamists against the CUP, which culminated in the 31 March Incident, when reactionaries rebelled against the
restoration of the constitutional system and retook power in Istanbul in
support of Sultan Abdulhamid II’s absolute rule. However, the CUP easily defeated the
reactionaries by organizing the "Army of Action" (Turkish: Hareket Ordusu) and taking
back Istanbul within a few days.
Abdulhamid was exiled to Salonica (today in Greece.)
Sultan Mehmet Resat 1844-1918
Sultan Mehmet Reshad acceded to the throne but his powers were symbolic.
1911- 1912 Balkan
Wars
1911 Tripoli War with Italy
Abdulhamid was taken back to Istanbul
1914- 1918 WW1
Triple Entente between Russia, France, and the British Empire
Germany Austria Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria were on the
other side.
1915 Gallipoli Campaign 
Çanakkale Savaşı- Battle of Çanakkale
1915 Siege of Kut
Halil Pasha was the commander of the forces capturing Kut in southern Iraq and taking General Townshend, 481 officers, and 13,300 soldiers prisoners. After this successful campaign, he was promoted to General. He was appointed governor of the Baghdad province (present-day Iraq and Kuwait combined) and was also the commander of the Sixth Army from 19 April 1916 till the end of the war in 1918.
Halil Pasha was jailed by the British Occupying Forces in Constantinople, but escaped and fled to Moscow. In accordance with the terms of the Treaty of Moscow (1921) signed between the Ankara government and the Soviet leadership, he carried the gold bullion sent by Lenin to Ankara, to pay for Turkey's return of Batumi to the Soviets. Since he was not permitted to stay in Turkey at the time, he first moved back to Moscow and then to Berlin.
He was permitted to return to Turkey after the declaration of the Republic of Turkey in 1923. He died in 1957 in Istanbul
1915 Armenian Deportation
was an Ottoman physician, an official of the Committee of Union and
Progress, and governor of the Diyarbakir Vilayet (province) of the Ottoman Empire during World War I. He is infamous for organizing the wartime destruction of
the Armenian communities of Diyarbakir
1915 Sarikamis Battle against Russians (Sarikamis is in Eastern
Turkey)- soldiers died of cold
Battle of Sarikamis
Enver Pasha
1915 Suez Canal Wars against Britain – not successful for
the Turks. The Turkish army was commanded by German General Von Kress (1870-1948)
Kress joined Djemal Pasha's army in Palestine as a military
engineer and was later chief of staff. Djemal Pasha was given the job by the
Turkish leader Enver Pasha of capturing or disabling the Suez Canal.
This effort is called the First Suez Offensive, and it occurred in
January 1915. Kress von Kressenstein was responsible for creating special boats
for crossing the canal (pontoons) as well as organizing the crossing of
the Sinai desert. While the desert was crossed
with little loss of life, the British were aware of their approach and their
attack on the Suez came as no surprise to the defenders. The Ottoman forces
were repulsed easily and after two days of fighting, they retreated. Kress von
Kressenstein's special pontoons were never used.
Cemal Pasha on the shore of the Dead Sea
1916 Arab revolt
1917 Gazze Wars
General von Kress
The British responded with an attack of their own. They captured
some small Ottoman forts in the Sinai, built a railroad and water pipe across
the desert and then launched an assault on the Ottoman fort at Gaza. Kress von
Kressenstein was in charge of the Ottoman defenses along with General Tala Bey.
In the First Battle of Gaza (March 1917), the
British were defeated, largely due to their own errors. In the Second Battle of Gaza in April 1917, the
British were defeated again, the credit for this victory largely going to Kress
von Kressenstein.
The
British removed their unsuccessful generals and replaced them with
General Allenby.
The Ottomans also replaced their top leadership, bringing in the former Chief
of the German General Staff, General von Falkenhayn. Kress von Kressenstein
was kept on as commander of the Ottoman 8th Army defending Gaza and he was also
awarded Prussia's highest order, the Pour le Mérite.
In
November 1917, the British under General Allenby breached the Ottoman defensive
positions at the Battle of Beersheba and the Third Battle of Gaza. Kress von Kressenstein
was able to withdraw his defeated troops in fairly good order to new defensive
positions in the north.
1917 Russian
Revolution
Caucasus
In the middle of 1918,
with the Ottoman-German alliance breaking down, Kress von Kressenstein was sent
with a small German force to Georgia, that was protected by Germany after its independence. He
helped to frustrate the Red Army's invasion of Georgian region Abkhazia.
1918 War ends
Three Pashas left the country. CUP rule was over.
1918-1923
Occupation of
Constantinople
Istanbul was occupied by the French and the British Troops.
Both Abdulhamit and current Sultan Mehmet Resat dies in
Istanbul for natural courses within months from each other.
Sultan Vahidettin replaces Mehmet Resat.
Last Sultan Mehmet Vahdettin
Remaining CUP members were arrested and put in prison. Some
were sent to Malta for trial. Some went into hiding in Istanbul or left the
city.
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
leader of the Turkish War of Independence and the first President of the Republic
of Turkey
1881-1938
1919-1923
Turkish War of
Independence
(19 May 1919 – 24 July
1923)
The Reluctant Warrior describes the events that took place in 1919-1920
The novel starts on 6 Feb 1919, with the suicide of Governor of Diyarbakir Dr. Reshid in Istanbul and ends in Bursa with the victory of Ethem the Circassian over Anzavur forces in March-April1920
Izmir
1919
15 May 1919 Izmir was occupied by the Greek Army.
Izmir/ Symirna 1900
19 May 1919 Mustafa Kemal Ataturk goes to Samsun to organize
resistance; his official duty is to establish order between Greeks and Turks of
the Black Sea region.
Turkish National Forces were gathering in the Anatolia
Ataturk made Ankara Capital of
the Turkish State
Halil Pasha (1881-1957)
Halil Pasha
British War Prisoners
September 1919 Halil Pasha escaped from the prison and went to
Sivas to talk to Mustafa Kemal and went
to Russia to receive help from the Bolshevik Regime
1920
March 1920
Dissolution of Parliament
This time the British
not Abdulhamit dissolved the Parliament!
150 politicians were
exiled to Malta Island.
Official
declaration, March 16, 1920
On
March 16, 1920, the third day of hostilities, the Allied forces declared the
occupation:
In an effort to prevent the spread of Turkish nationalism,
General Sir George Milne and an Allied force occupied İstanbul.
·
The Allies gave assurances that they had no intention of taking
over the government.
·
The Allies sought to keep the Straits open and to protect the
Armenians.
·
The Allies persuaded the Ottoman government to denounce the
Turkish nationalists and sent many into exile.
·
The Sultan had established a Damad Ferid government.
Damat Ferit Pasha
Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence
Anatolia
had many competing forces on its soil: British battalions, Ahmet Anzavur
forces, and the Sultan's army. The Sultan gave 4,000 soldiers from his Kuva-i Inzibatiye (Caliphate
Army) to resist against the nationalists. Then using money from the Allies, he
raised another army, a force about 2,000 strong from non-Muslim inhabitants
which were initially deployed in Iznik. The Sultan's government sent forces
under the name of the caliphate army to the revolutionaries and aroused
counterrevolutionary outbreaks
Ahmet Anzavur Revolt 1919-1920
1885-1921
Ahmet Anzavur
Ethem the Circassian 1886-1948
was a Turkish militia leader of Circassian origin who
initially gained fame for fighting against the Allied powers invading Anatolia in the aftermath of World War I and
afterwards during the Turkish War of Independence
Ethem the Circassian
16 August 1920
The Treaty of Sèvres.
Bekir Sami Gunsav Turkish Commander
23 April 1920
Grand National Assembly established in Ankara (Turkish
Capital)
Ankara
End of Occupation
The success of the Turkish National Movement against the French
and Greeks was followed by their forces threatening the Allied forces at
Chanak. The British decided to resist any attempt to penetrate the neutral zone
of the Straits. Kemal was persuaded by the French to order his forces to avoid
any incident at Chanak. Nevertheless, the Chanak Crisis nearly
resulted in hostilities, these being avoided on October 11, 1922, when
the Armistice of Mudanya was signed, bringing
the Turkish War of Independence to an end.The
handling of this crisis caused the collapse of David Lloyd George's Ministry on
October 19, 1922.
British Prime Minister David Lloyd George 1863-1945)
Western Front March 1922
Following
the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1922),
the Grand National Assembly of Turkey in Ankara abolished
the Sultanate on
1 November 1922, and the last Ottoman Sultan, Mehmed VI,
was expelled from the city. Leaving aboard the British warship HMS Malaya on
17 November 1922, he went into exile and died in Sanremo, Italy, on 16 May 1926.
Mehmed 6 the last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, leaving the country after the abolition of the Ottoman sultanate, 17 November 1922
July 1923
Treaty of Lausanne
29 October 1923
The Turkish Republic was established
Ataturk (1881- 1938)
The Republic Monument is located at the Taksim Square in Istanbul
With the establishment of
the Turkish National Movement, the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, and the abolition of the sultanate, the Ottoman era and the Empire came to an end, and with Atatürk's reforms, the Turks created the modern, secular nation-state of
Turkey on the political front. On 3 March 1924, the Ottoman caliphate was
officially abolished and the last Caliph was exiled.
The Last Caliph Abdulmecid
Abdulmejid's painting of his wife
The Author of the Reluctant Warrior Kemal Tahir
Kemal Tahir (1910-1973)
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